Lo mhlahlandlela onemifanekiso ubonisa ezinye izinkinga ezivamile ezingase zenzeke ngezinto ze-polymer ne-elastomeric ezihlukile kulezo ezenzeka ngezimpawu zensimbi nezingxenye.
Ukwehluleka kwezingxenye ze-polymer (ipulasitiki ne-elastomeric) kanye nemiphumela yako kungaba nzima njengokuhluleka kwemishini yensimbi.Imininingwane eyethulwe ichaza ezinye zezakhiwo ezithinta izingxenye ze-polymer zemishini esetshenziswa ezikhungweni zezimboni.Lolu lwazi lusebenza kumafa athileO-izindandatho, ipayipi elilayishiwe, ipulasitiki eqiniswe ngefayibha (FRP) kanye nepayipi elifakwe ulayini.Izibonelo zezakhiwo ezifana nokungena, izinga lokushisa lengilazi, ne-viscoelasticity kanye nemithelela yazo kuxoxwa ngayo.
Ngo-January 28, 1986, inhlekelele yomkhumbi-mkhathi i-Challenger yashaqisa umhlaba.Ukuqhuma kwenzeke ngoba i-O-ring ayizange ivaleke kahle.
Amaphutha achazwe kulesi sihloko ethula ezinye zezici zamaphutha angewona awensimbi athinta imishini esetshenziswa ezimbonini.Esimweni ngasinye, kuxoxwa ngezakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-polymer.
Ama-Elastomer anezinga lokushisa elishintshashintshayo lengilazi, elichazwa “njengezinga lokushisa lapho into e-amorphous, njengengilazi noma i-polymer, ishintsha isuka ekubeni yingilazi ephukayo ibe yisimo se-ductile” [1].
Ama-Elastomer anesethi yokucindezela - "kuchazwa njengephesenti lobunzima i-elastomer engakwazi ukululama ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe endaweni ethile kanye nezinga lokushisa elinikeziwe" [2].Ngokusho komlobi, ukucindezela kubhekisela ekhonweni lerabha lokubuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala.Ezimweni eziningi, ukuzuza kokucindezelwa kususwa ukunwetshwa okuthile okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Nokho, njengoba isibonelo esingezansi sibonisa, lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Iphutha 1: Izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-ambient (36°F) ngaphambi kokwethulwa liholele ekutheni ama-Viton O-rings anganele ku-Space Shuttle Challenger.Njengoba kushiwo ophenyweni lwezingozi ezihlukahlukene: "Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-50 ° F, i-Viton V747-75 O-ring ayiguquki ngokwanele ukulandelela ukuvuleka kwegebe lokuhlola" [3].Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi libangela ukuthi i-Challenger O-ring yehluleke ukuvala kahle.
Inkinga yesi-2: Izigxivizo eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 1 no-2 zichayeka kakhulu emanzini nasesitiyeni.Izigxivizo zahlanganiswa endaweni kusetshenziswa i-ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Kodwa-ke, bahlola ama-fluoroelastomers (FKM) afana ne-Viton) ne-perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) njenge-Kalrez O-rings.Nakuba osayizi behluka, wonke ama-O-ring aboniswe kuMfanekiso 2 aqala ngosayizi ofanayo:
Kwenzenjani?Ukusetshenziswa kwe-steam kungaba yinkinga kuma-elastomers.Ngokufakwa kwesitimu esingaphezu kuka-250°F, ukunwetshwa nokuguquguquka kwe-FKM ne-FFKM kufanele kucatshangelwe ekupakisheni izibalo zedizayini.Ama-elastomer ahlukene anezinzuzo ezithile kanye nokubi, ngisho nalawo anokumelana namakhemikhali aphezulu.Noma yiziphi izinguquko zidinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela.
Amanothi ajwayelekile kuma-elastomer.Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kwama-elastomer emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-250°F nangaphansi kuka-35°F kukhethekile futhi kungase kudinge okokufaka komklami.
Kubalulekile ukunquma ukwakheka kwe-elastomeric okusetshenzisiwe.I-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) ingahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihluke kakhulu zama-elastomer, njenge-EPDM, i-FKM ne-FFKM okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlola ukuhlukanisa inhlanganisela eyodwa ye-FKM kwenye kungaba inselele.Ama-O-rings enziwe abakhiqizi abahlukene angase abe nezigcwalisi ezihlukene, ama-vulcanizations, nokwelashwa.Konke lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu kusethi yokucindezela, ukumelana namakhemikhali kanye nezici zokushisa eziphansi.
Ama-polymer anamaketanga amangqamuzana amade, aphindaphindayo avumela uketshezi oluthile ukuba lungene kuwo.Ngokungafani nezinsimbi, ezinokwakheka kwekristalu, ama-molecule amade ayahlangana njengomucu we-spaghetti esiphekiwe.Emzimbeni, ama-molecule amancane kakhulu afana namanzi/umusi namagesi angangena.Amanye ama-molecule mancane ngokwanele ukungena ezikhaleni phakathi kwamaketanga ngamanye.
Ukwehluleka 3: Ngokuvamile, ukubhala uphenyo lokuhlaziya ukwehluleka kuqala ngokuthola izithombe zezingxenye.Kodwa-ke, ucezu lukapulasitiki oluyisicaba, oluthambile, olunuka uphethiloli olwamukelwe ngoLwesihlanu bese luphenduke ipayipi eliyindilinga eliqinile ngoMsombuluko (isikhathi esathathwa ngaso isithombe).Ingxenye kubikwa ukuthi iyibhantshi lepayipi le-polyethylene (PE) elisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izingxenye zikagesi ngaphansi kwezinga eliphansi egalaji likaphethiloli.Ucezu lwepulasitiki oluthambile oluyisicaba olutholile aluzange luvikele ikhebula.Ukungena kwephethiloli kubangele izinguquko zomzimba, hhayi zamakhemikhali - ipayipi ye-polyethylene ayizange ibole.Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukungena emapayipini athambile kancane.
Iphutha 4. Izikhungo eziningi zezimboni zisebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi ane-Teflon-coated ukuze kuhlanzwe amanzi, ukuhlanzwa kwe-asidi nalapho ukutholakala kwezinto ezingcolile zensimbi kungabandakanywa (isibonelo, embonini yokudla).Amapayipi ane-Teflon-coated anezikhala ezivumela amanzi ukuthi angene esikhaleni se-annular phakathi kwensimbi nolwelwesi ukuze aphume.Kodwa-ke, amapayipi afakwe kulayini ahlala eshalofini ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
Umfanekiso wesi-4 ubonisa ipayipi elinemigqa ye-Teflon esetshenziswe ukuhlinzeka nge-HCl iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.Inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yokugqwala kwensimbi iqoqana esikhaleni sonyaka phakathi kolayini kanye nepayipi lensimbi.Umkhiqizo uphushele ulayini ngaphakathi, wadala umonakalo njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Ukugqwala kwensimbi kuqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ipayipi liqala ukuvuza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhasa kwenzeka endaweni ye-Teflon flange.I-Creep ichazwa njenge-deformation (deformation) ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo.Njengezinsimbi, ukuhamba kwama-polymers kukhuphuka ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.Nokho, ngokungafani nensimbi, ukukhasa kwenzeka ekamelweni lokushisa.Ngokunokwenzeka, njengoba ingxenye ephambanayo ye-flange surface iyancipha, ama-bolts wepayipi yensimbi aqina kuze kube yilapho kuvela ukuqhekeka kwendandatho, okuboniswe esithombeni.Imifantu eyindilinga iqhubeka ivezela ipayipi lensimbi ku-HCl.
Ukwehluleka 5: Amalayini e-polyethylene (i-HDPE) ane-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) avame ukusetshenziswa embonini kawoyela negesi ukulungisa imigqa yokujova emanzini ensimbi egqwalile.Kodwa-ke, kunezidingo ezithile zokulawula zokunciphisa ingcindezi ye-liner.Izibalo 6 no-7 zibonisa ulayini ohlulekile.Ukulimala kwe-valve liner eyodwa kwenzeka lapho ingcindezi ye-annulus idlula ingcindezi yangaphakathi yokusebenza - i-liner ihluleka ngenxa yokungena.Kuma-liner e-HDPE, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela lokhu kwehluleka ukugwema ukucindezeleka okusheshayo kwepayipi.
Amandla ezingxenye ze-fiberglass ayancipha ngokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe.Izendlalelo ezimbalwa zingase ziqhekeke futhi ziqhekeke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.I-API 15 HR "High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe" iqukethe isitatimende sokuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-20% kwengcindezi kuwumkhawulo wokuhlola nokulungisa.Isigaba 13.1.2.8 se-Canadian Standard CSA Z662, i-Petroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, sicacisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwengcindezi kufanele kugcinwe ngaphansi kwama-20% wesilinganiso sokucindezela komkhiqizi wamapayipi.Uma kungenjalo, ingcindezi yokuklama ingase yehliswe kuze kufike ku-50%.Lapho uklama i-FRP ne-FRP ene-cladding, imithwalo yama-cyclic kufanele inakwe.
Iphutha lesi-6: Uhlangothi olungezansi (ngehora lesi-6) lwepayipi le-fiberglass (FRP) elisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi anosawoti limbozwe nge-polyethylene ephezulu.Ingxenye ehlulekile, ingxenye enhle ngemva kokuhluleka, kanye nengxenye yesithathu (emele ingxenye yangemuva kokukhiqiza) ihlolwe.Ikakhulukazi, isigaba esiphambanayo sesigaba esihlulekile siqhathaniswa nesigaba esiphambanayo sepayipi elenziwe ngaphambili losayizi ofanayo (bheka Izibalo 8 kanye ne-9).Qaphela ukuthi i-cross-section ehlulekile inokuqhekeka okubanzi kwe-intralaminar engekho epayipini elakhiwe.I-Delamination yenzeke kuwo womabili amapayipi amasha nahlulekile.I-Delamination ivamile ku-fiberglass enokuqukethwe kwengilazi ephezulu;Okuqukethwe kwengilazi ephezulu kunikeza amandla amakhulu.Ipayipi belingaphansi kokuguquguquka okukhulu kwengcindezi (ngaphezulu kuka-20%) futhi lehlulekile ngenxa yokulayisha umjikelezo.
Umfanekiso 9. Nazi ezinye izingxenye ezimbili eziphambanayo ze-fiberglass eqediwe epayipini le-fiberglass eline-polyethylene enomugqa ophezulu.
Ngesikhathi sokufakwa endaweni, izingxenye ezincane zepayipi zixhunyiwe - lezi zixhumanisi zibalulekile.Ngokuvamile, izingcezu ezimbili zamapayipi zihlanganiswa ndawonye futhi igebe phakathi kwamapayipi ligcwaliswa "nge-putty."Amalunga abe esegoqwa ngezingqimba ezimbalwa zokuqinisa ingilazi yobubanzi obubanzi futhi afakwe inhlaka.Ubuso obungaphandle bokuhlangana kufanele bube nensimbi eyanele yokumboza.
Izinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezifana nama-liner ne-fiberglass ziyi-viscoelastic.Nakuba lesi sici sinzima ukusichaza, ukubonakaliswa kwaso kuvamile: ukulimala ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kodwa ukuvuza akukwenzeka ngokushesha.“I-Viscoelasticity yimpahla yento ebonisa kokubili izakhiwo ze-viscous nezinwebekayo lapho zikhubazekile.Izinto ezibonakalayo (ezifana noju) zimelana nokugeleza kwe-shear futhi ziwohloke ngendlela eqondile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho kufakwa ingcindezi.Izinto ezinwebekayo (njengensimbi) zizokhubazeka ngokushesha, kodwa futhi zibuyele ngokushesha esimweni sazo sangempela ngemva kokususwa kwengcindezi.Izinto ze-Viscoelastic zinezakhiwo zombili ngakho-ke zibonisa ukuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo kwesikhathi.I-Elasticity ivamise ukuphumela ekunwetshweni kwamabhondi ezindizeni eziyikristalu kuzinto eziqinile ezi-odwe, kuyilapho i-viscosity iphumela ekusakazekeni kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule ngaphakathi kwe-amorphous material ” [4].
I-fiberglass nezingxenye zepulasitiki zidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokuphatha.Uma kungenjalo, bangase baqhekeke futhi umonakalo ungase ungabonakali kuze kube isikhathi eside ngemva kokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic.
Ukwehluleka okuningi kwe-fiberglass linings kwenzeka ngenxa yokulimala ngesikhathi sokufakwa [5].Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hydrostatic kuyadingeka kodwa akuboni umonakalo omncane ongenzeka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
Umfanekiso 10. Okuboniswe lapha yizindawo zangaphakathi (kwesokunxele) nezingaphandle (kwesokudla) phakathi kwamasegimenti epayipi le-fiberglass.
Isici 7. Umfanekiso we-10 ubonisa ukuxhunywa kwezingxenye ezimbili zamapayipi e-fiberglass.Umfanekiso 11 ubonisa ingxenye ephambanayo yokuxhumana.Indawo yangaphandle yepayipi ayizange iqiniswe ngokwanele futhi ivalwe, futhi ipayipi yaphuka ngesikhathi sokuthutha.Izincomo zokuqinisa amalunga zinikezwe ku-DIN 16966, CSA Z662 kanye ne-ASME NM.2.
Amapayipi e-polyethylene anomthamo omkhulu awusindi, amelana nokugqwala, futhi ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa amapayipi egesi namanzi, okuhlanganisa namapayipi omlilo ezindaweni zefekthri.Ukwehluleka okuningi kule migqa kuhlotshaniswa nomonakalo otholwe ngesikhathi sokumba [6].Kodwa-ke, ukwehluleka kwe-slow crack growth (SCG) kungase kwenzeke nasezingcindezini eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa kanye nezinkinga ezincane.Ngokwemibiko, "i-SCG iyindlela evamile yokwehluleka kumapayipi angaphansi komhlaba e-polyethylene (PE) enempilo yokuklama iminyaka engu-50" [7].
Iphutha lesi-8: I-SCG yakheka epayipini lomlilo ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yokusetshenziswa.Ukuphuka kwayo kunezici ezilandelayo:
Ukwehluleka kwe-SCG kubonakala ngephethini yokuphuka: inokuguqulwa okuncane futhi kwenzeka ngenxa yamasongo amaningi agxilile.Uma indawo ye-SCG ikhuphuka ibe cishe ama-intshi angu-2 x 1.5, ukuqhekeka kusakazeka ngokushesha futhi izici ze-macroscopic ziba sobala kakhulu (Izibalo 12-14).Ulayini ungase ube nezinguquko zokulayisha ezingaphezu kuka-10% isonto ngalinye.Amalunga e-HDPE amadala abikwe ukuthi amelana kakhulu nokwehluleka ngenxa yokuguquguquka komthwalo kunamalunga amadala e-HDPE [8].Kodwa-ke, izikhungo ezikhona kufanele zicabangele ukuthuthukisa i-SCG njengeminyaka yamapayipi omlilo we-HDPE.
Umfanekiso 12. Lesi sithombe sibonisa lapho igatsha le-T lihlangana khona nepayipi elikhulu, lidala ukuqhekeka okuboniswa umcibisholo obomvu.
Ilayisi.14. Lapha ungabona vala indawo ephukile yegatsha elimise okwe-T epayipini elikhulu elimise okwe-T.Kukhona imifantu esobala endaweni engaphakathi.
Iziqukathi Eziningi Ezimaphakathi (ama-IBC) zifanele ukugcina nokuthutha amanani amancane amakhemikhali (Umfanekiso 15).Bathembeke kangangokuthi kulula ukukhohlwa ukuthi ukwehluleka kwabo kungaba yingozi enkulu.Kodwa-ke, ukwehluleka kwe-MDS kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwezimali, okunye okuhlolwa ababhali.Ukwehluleka okuningi kubangelwa ukuphatha okungafanele [9-11].Nakuba i-IBC ibonakala ilula ukuyihlola, ukuqhekeka kwe-HDPE okubangelwa ukuphatha okungafanele kunzima ukukubona.Kubaphathi bempahla ezinkampanini ezivame ukuphatha iziqukathi eziyinqwaba eziqukethe imikhiqizo eyingozi, ukuhlola okuvamile nokucophelela kwangaphandle nangaphakathi kuyisibopho.e-United States.
Ukulimala kwe-Ultraviolet (UV) nokuguga kugcwele kuma-polymers.Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele silandele ngokucophelela imiyalelo yokugcina i-O-ring futhi sicabangele umthelela empilweni yezingxenye zangaphandle ezifana namathangi angaphezulu avulekile kanye nolwelwesi lwamachibi.Nakuba sidinga ukwandisa (ukunciphisa) isabelomali sokulungisa, okunye ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye zangaphandle kuyadingeka, ikakhulukazi lezo ezichayeka elangeni (Umfanekiso 16).
Izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi, isethi yokuminyanisa, ukungena, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa legumbi, i-viscoelasticity, ukusakazeka okunensayo kokuqhekeka, njll. kunquma izici zokusebenza zepulasitiki nezingxenye ze-elastomeric.Ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa okusebenzayo nokusebenza kahle kwezingxenye ezibalulekile, lezi zakhiwo kufanele zicatshangelwe, futhi ama-polymers kufanele aqaphele lezi zakhiwo.
Ababhali bathanda ukubonga amaklayenti anobuhlakani kanye nozakwethu ngokwabelana nabakutholile nemboni.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Hawley's Concise Dictionary of Chemistry, uhlelo lwe-12, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Umthombo we-inthanethi: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. I-Lach, i-Cynthia L., Umphumela Wezinga Lokushisa kanye Nokwelashwa Kwe-O-Ring Surface Emandleni Okuvalwa kwe-Viton V747-75.NASA Technical Paper 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yabakhiqizi Bamafutha Negesi BaseCanada (i-CAPP), "Ukusebenzisa Ipayipi Elihlanganisiwe Eliqinisiwe (Okungenalo I-Metallic), ngo-April 2017.
6. I-Maupin J. kanye no-Mamun M. Ukuhluleka, Ukuhlaziywa Kwengozi Nengozi Yepayipi Lepulasitiki, Iphrojekthi Ye-DOT No. 194, 2009.
7. U-Xiangpeng Luo, u-Jianfeng Shi no-Jingyan Zheng, Izindlela Zokukhula Kwe-Slow Crack ku-Polyethylene: Izindlela Ze-Finite Element, 2015 I-ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Boston, MA, 2015.
8. U-Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., kanye no-Bryce, W., Ukukhathala Kwepayipi Lamanzi Lepulasitiki: Ukubuyekezwa Kobuchwepheshe Nezincomo Zomklamo Wokukhathala we-PE4710 Pipe, Umbiko Wezobuchwepheshe egameni leNhlangano Yepayipi Lepulasitiki, May 2012.
9. Izinkombandlela ze-CBA/SIA Zokugcinwa Koketshezi Ezitsheni Eziningi Ezimaphakathi, Ukukhishwa kwe-ICB ngomhla ka-2, Okthoba 2018 Ku-inthanethi: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10. U-Beale, uChristopher J., Indlela, I-Charter, Izimbangela Zokuvuza kwe-IBC Ezitshalweni Zamakhemikhali - Ukuhlaziywa Kwesipiliyoni Sokusebenza, Uchungechunge Lwesemina No. 154, IChemE, Rugby, UK, 2008, ku-inthanethi: https://www.icheme.org/media/9737/xx-paper-42.pdf.
11. UMadden, D., Ukunakekela Amathoyizi e-IBC: Amathiphu Amahlanu Okuwenza Agcine, athunyelwe kokuthi Iziqukathi Eziningi, I-IBC Totes, Sustainability, kuthunyelwe ku-blog.containerexchanger.com, Septhemba 15, 2018.
U-Ana Benz unguNjiniyela Omkhulu e-IRISNDT (5311 86th Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 5T8; Ucingo: 780-577-4481; I-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]).Usebenze njengochwepheshe bokugqwala, ukwehluleka kanye nokuhlola iminyaka engu-24.Ulwazi lwakhe luhlanganisa ukuhlola esebenzisa amasu okuhlola athuthukile nokuhlela izinhlelo zokuhlola izitshalo.I-Mercedes-Benz isebenzela imboni yokucubungula amakhemikhali, izitshalo ze-petrochemical, izitshalo zikamanyolo nezitshalo ze-nickel emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nezitshalo ezikhiqiza uwoyela negesi.Uthole iziqu zobunjiniyela bezinto zokwakha e-Universidad Simon Bolivar eVenezuela kanye neziqu ze-master in materials engineering eNyuvesi yaseBritish Columbia.Uphethe izitifiketi ezimbalwa zokuhlola ezingabhubhi e-Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), kanye nesitifiketi se-API 510 nesitifiketi se-CWB Group Level 3.UBenz ubeyilungu le-NACE Edmonton Executive Branch iminyaka engu-15 futhi phambilini wasebenza ezikhundleni ezahlukene ne-Edmonton Branch Canadian Welding Society.
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